《后出师表》翻译及注释
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两汉：诸葛亮
先帝深虑汉、贼不两立，王业不偏安，故托臣以讨贼也。以先帝之明，量臣之才，固知臣伐贼，才弱敌强也。然不伐贼，王业亦亡。惟坐而待亡，孰与伐之？是故托臣而弗疑也。
译文：先帝深虑汉、贼不两立，王业不偏安，故托臣以讨贼也。
注释：先帝深虑汉、贼不两立，王业不偏安，故托臣以讨贼也。
臣受命之日，寝不安席，食不甘味。思惟北征。宜先入南。故五月渡泸，深入不毛，并日而食；臣非不自惜也，顾王业不可得偏安于蜀都，故冒危难，以奉先帝之遗意也，而议者谓为非计。今贼适疲于西，又务于东，兵法乘劳，此进趋之时也。谨陈其事如左：
高帝明并日月，谋臣渊深，然涉险被创，危然后安。今陛下未及高帝，谋臣不如良、平，而欲以长策取胜，坐定天下，此臣之未解一也。
刘繇、王朗各据州郡，论安言计，动引圣人，群疑满腹，众难塞胸，今岁不战，明年不征，使孙策坐大，遂并江东，此臣之未解二也。
译文：先帝考虑到蜀汉和曹贼不能并存，帝王之业不能苟且偷安于一地，所以委任臣下去讨伐曹魏。以先帝那样的明察，估量臣下的才能，本来就知道臣下要去征讨敌人，是能力微弱而敌人强大的。但是，不去讨伐敌人，王业也是要败亡的；是坐而待毙，还是主动去征伐敌人呢？因此委任臣下，一点也不犹疑。臣受命之日，寝不安席，食不甘味。
注释：汉：指蜀汉。贼：指曹魏。古时往往把敌方称为贼。偏安：指王朝局处一地，自以为安。孰与：何如，表示抉择，倾向肯定后一种（偏指一方）惟：助词。臣受命之日，寝不安席，食不甘味。
曹操智计，殊绝于人，其用兵也，仿佛孙、吴，然困于南阳，险于乌巢，危于祁连，逼于黎阳，几败北山，殆死潼关，然后伪定一时耳。况臣才弱，而欲以不危而定之，此臣之未解三也。
曹操五攻昌霸不下，四越巢湖不成，任用李服而李服图之，委任夏侯而夏侯败亡，先帝每称操为能，犹有此失，况臣驽下，何能必胜？此臣之未解四也。
自臣到汉中，中间期年耳，然丧赵云、阳群、马玉、阎芝、丁立、白寿、刘郃、邓铜等及曲长、屯将七十余人，突将、无前、賨叟、青羌、散骑、武骑一千余人。此皆数十年之内所纠合四方之精锐，非一州之所有；若复数年，则损三分之二也，当何以图敌？此臣之未解五也。
今民穷兵疲，而事不可息；事不可息，则住与行劳费正等。而不及今图之，欲以一州之地，与贼持久，此臣之未解六也。
译文：谨陈其事如左：臣下接受任命的时候，睡不安稳，食无滋味。想到要去北伐，应该先南征。所以五月里渡过泸水，深入不毛之地，两天才能吃上一餐；臣下不是不爱惜自己呵，而是看到帝王之业不可能局处在蜀地而得以保全，所以冒着危险，来执行先帝的遗愿，可是争议者说这不是上策。而敌人恰好在西面疲于对付边县的叛乱，东面又要竭力去应付孙吴的进攻，兵法要求趁敌方劳困时发动进攻，当前正是赶快进军的时机呵！现在谨将这些事陈述如下：高帝明并日月，谋臣渊深，然涉险被创，危然后安。
注释：谨陈其事如左：入南：指诸葛亮深入南中，平定四郡事。并日：两天合作一天。顾：这里有“但”的意思。蜀都：此指蜀汉之境。议者：指对诸葛亮决意北伐发表不同意见的官吏。进趋：快速前进。高帝明并日月，谋臣渊深，然涉险被创，危然后安。
夫难平者，事也。昔先帝败军于楚，当此时，曹操拊手，谓天下已定。然后先帝东连吴越，西取巴蜀，举兵北征，夏侯授首，此操之失计，而汉事将成也。然后吴更违盟，关羽毁败，秭归蹉跌，曹丕称帝。凡事如是，难可逆见。臣鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。至于成败利钝，非臣之明所能逆睹也。
译文：高祖皇帝的明智，可以和日月相比，他的谋臣见识广博，谋略深远，但还是要经历艰险，身受创伤，遭遇危难然后才得安定。现在，陛下比不上高祖皇帝，谋臣也不如张良、陈平，而想用长期相持的战略来取胜，安安稳稳地平定天下，这是臣所不能理解的第一点。刘繇、王朗各据州郡，论安言计，动引圣人，群疑满腹，众难塞胸，今岁不战，明年不征，使孙策坐大，遂并江东，此臣之未解二也。刘繇、王朗，各自占据州郡；在议论安守策略时，动辄引用古代圣贤的话，大家疑虑满腹，胸中充斥着惧难；今年不去打仗，明年不去征讨，让孙策安然强大起来，终于并吞了江东，这是臣下所不能理解的第二点。曹操智计，殊绝于人，其用兵也，仿佛孙、吴，然困于南阳，险于乌巢，危于祁连，逼于黎阳，几败北山，殆死潼关，然后伪定一时耳。
注释：高帝：刘邦死后的谥号为“高皇帝”。并：平列。渊深：指学识广博，计谋高深莫测。被创：受创伤。被，通假字，同“披”良：张良，汉高祖的著名谋士，与萧何、韩信被称为“汉初三杰”。平：陈平，汉高祖的著名谋士。后位至丞相。长计：长期相持的打算。坐：安安稳稳。未解：不能理解。胡三省认为“解”应读作“懈”，未解，即未敢懈怠之意。两说皆可通。刘繇(yóu)、王朗各据州郡，论安言计，动引圣人，群疑满腹，众难塞胸，今岁不战，明年不征，使孙策坐大，遂并江东，此臣之未解二也。刘繇：字正礼，东汉末年任扬州刺史，因受淮南大军阀袁术的逼迫，南渡长江，不久被孙策攻破，退保豫章（今江西省南昌市），后为豪强笮融攻杀。《三国志·吴书》有传。王朗：字景兴，东汉末年为会稽（治所在今浙江省绍兴市）太守，孙策势力进入江浙时，兵败投降，后为曹操所征召，仕于曹魏。孙策：字伯符，孙权的长兄。父孙坚死后，借用袁术的兵力，兼并江南地区，为孙吴政权的建立打下基础，不久遇刺身死。江东：指长江中下游地区。曹操智计，殊绝于人，其用兵也，仿佛孙、吴，然困于南阳，险于乌巢，危于祁(qí)连，逼(bì)于黎阳，几败北山，殆(dài)死潼关，然后伪定一时耳。
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司马迁《
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孔子世家赞》
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韦庄《
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与东吴生相遇》
诸葛亮简介
唐代·诸葛亮的简介
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诸葛亮（181－234），字孔明、号卧龙（也作伏龙），汉族，徐州琅琊阳都（今山东临沂市沂南县）人，三国时期蜀汉丞相、杰出的政治家、军事家、散文家、书法家。在世时被封为武乡侯，死后追谥忠武侯，东晋政权特追封他为武兴王。诸葛亮为匡扶蜀汉政权，呕心沥血，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。其散文代表作有《出师表》、《诫子书》等。曾发明木牛流马、孔明灯等，并改造连弩，叫做诸葛连弩，可一弩十矢俱发。于234年在五丈原（今宝鸡岐山境内）逝世。诸葛亮在后世受到极大尊崇，成为后世忠臣楷模，智慧化身。成都、宝鸡、汉中、南阳等地有武侯祠，杜甫作《蜀相》赞诸葛亮。