南山
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两汉]：佚名
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南山崔崔，雄狐绥绥。鲁道有荡，齐子由归。既曰归止，曷又怀止？
葛屦五两，冠緌双止。鲁道有荡，齐子庸止。既曰庸止，曷又从止？
蓺麻如之何？衡从其亩。取妻如之何？必告父母。既曰告止，曷又鞠止？
析薪如之何？匪斧不克。取妻如之何？匪媒不得。既曰得止，曷又极止？
南山译文及注释
译文
南山巍峨高峻，雄狐缓步独行。鲁国大道宽阔，文姜由此嫁人。既然嫁给鲁君，为何思念难禁？
葛布麻鞋成对，冠帽结带成双。鲁邦国道宽广，公主经此嫁郎。既然贵为国母，何必眷恋故乡？
种麻该当怎样？纵横耕耘田亩。娶妻该当如何？定要先告父母。既已禀告宗庙，怎容她再恣妄？
劈柴应当如何？没有利斧不行。娶妻应当怎样，少了媒人哪成。既然姻缘已结，为何由她恣纵？
注释
南山：齐国山名，又名牛山。崔崔：山势高峻状。
绥绥（suí）：缓缓行走的样子，或曰求匹之貌。
有荡：即荡荡，平坦状。
齐子：齐国的女儿（古代不论对男女美称均可称子），此处指齐襄公的同父异母妹文姜。由归：从这儿去出嫁。
止：语气词，无义。
曷（hé）：怎么，为什么；怀：怀念。一说来。
屦（jù）：麻、葛等制成的单底鞋。五两：五，通“伍”，并列；两，“緉”的借省，鞋一双。
緌（ruí）：帽带下垂的部分。帽带为丝绳所制，左右各一从耳边垂下，必要时可系在下巴上。
庸：用，指文姜嫁与鲁桓公。
从：相从。
蓺（yì）：即“艺”，种植。
衡从：横纵之异体，东西曰横，南北曰纵。亩，田垅。
取：通“娶”。
告：一说告于祖庙。
鞫（jú）：穷，放任无束。
析薪：砍柴。
匪：通“非”。克：能、成功。
极：至，来到。一说恣极，放纵无束。
参考资料：
1、《先秦诗鉴赏辞典》.上海辞书出版社，1998年12月版，第194-195页
南山创作背景
左传》记载，公元前694年，鲁桓公要去齐国，夫人文姜要求同行，鲁桓公只得答应，文姜和齐襄公趁机相会。后来鲁桓公发觉，襄公便设宴款待桓公，趁机将桓公灌醉，然后让公子彭生在驾车送桓公回国的路上扼死了桓公。这件事暴露后，齐国百姓皆以为耻，这首诗便是在此情境下产生的。
参考资料：
1、沐言非编著,诗经全编笺注典评,中国华侨出版社,2012.12,第160页
南山鉴赏
作者开篇描写雄狐对伴侣的渴望，用意在于影射齐襄公对文姜的觊觎之心。作者以南山和雄狐起兴，展示出一种高远深邃的画面：山高树茂，急切的雄狐四处穿梭，叫声连连。不仅把诗的背景拉得极其宏大，让人感到诗作肯定包含丰富的所指，又将齐襄公渴切的思想状态描摹殆尽，让其丑恶嘴脸暴露无遗。章末，又用反问进行了讽刺：“既然已经出嫁了，为什么还对那段私情念念不忘呢？”即是在问文姜，也是在问齐襄公，一箭双雕，意味深长。
第二章还是诉说前事，但在表达上更进一步。作者影射齐襄公和文姜乱伦的无耻行为时，从寻常事物人手，描述鞋子、帽带都必须搭配成双，借以说明世人都各有明确的配偶，所指明确而又表达隐晦，既达到讽刺对象的效果，又显得不露端倪一后半部分与第一章相似，使情感力度得到更深一步加强。
第三、四章转换角度，发表对鲁桓公的议论：作者成功运用“兴”的手法，以种麻前先整理田地、砍柴前要先准备刀斧这些日常劳动中的必然性，来说明娶妻必须有父母之命、媒妁之言。再进一层针砭实际，说明桓公既已明媒正娶了文姜，而又无法做文姜的主。放任她回娘家私通，父母之命、媒妁之言都被搁浅、践踏，显得庸弱无能，文姜的无视礼法、胡作非为也跃然于纸上。
这首诗的风格同《诗经》十五国风中的绝大部分作品一样，是一首群众创作的民歌，其特点也是每一章节除少数词语略作更换外，基本的语词句法都是相同的，特别是每章的最后二句，句法语气完全一样，只有一二个字的变化，其含义也相似或相近。这正是便于反覆咏唱，易于记忆吟诵，寓意比较单纯的民歌式作品。此外，从这首诗里，也反映了男女婚姻必须通过父母之命、媒妁之言这样的封建礼教，早在二三千年以前就已经深入人心了。
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佚名《
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佚名《
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