国风·周南·汝坟
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两汉]：佚名
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遵彼汝坟，伐其条枚。未见君子，惄如调饥。
遵彼汝坟，伐其条肄。既见君子，不我遐弃。
鲂鱼赪尾，王室如毁。虽则如毁，父母孔迩。
国风·周南·汝坟译文及注释
译文
沿着汝河大堤走，采伐山楸那枝条。还没见到我夫君，忧如忍饥在清早。
沿着汝河大堤走，采伐山楸那余枝。终于见到我夫君，请莫再将我远弃。
鳊鱼尾巴色赤红，王室事务急如火。虽然有事急如火，父母穷困谁养活！
注释
遵：循，沿。汝：汝河，源出河南省。坟（fén）：水涯，大堤。
条枚：山楸树。一说树干（枝曰条，干曰枚）。
君子：此指在外服役或为官的丈夫。
惄（nì）：饥，一说忧愁。调（zhōu）：又作“輖”，“朝”（鲁诗此处作“朝”字），早晨。调饥：早上挨饿，以喻男女欢情未得满足。
肄（yì）：树砍后再生的小枝。
遐（xiá）：远。
鲂（fánɡ）鱼：鳊鱼。赬（chēng成）：浅红色。
毁（huǐ）：火，齐人谓火为毁。如火焚一样。
孔：甚。 迩（ěr）：近，此指迫近饥寒之境。
参考资料：
1、《先秦诗鉴赏辞典》.上海辞书出版社，1998年12月版，第22页
国风·周南·汝坟创作背景
这首诗的背景，《毛诗序》以为是赞美文王的教化在汝坟这个国家施行的很好，妇人能劝诫丈夫尽力正直卫国而流传下来的民歌。但是近人大多认为这是妻子挽留久役归来的征夫而唱的诗歌。
参考资料：
1、（汉）毛公傅 郑玄笺（唐）孔颖达等正义．《十三经注疏》之三 黄侃经文句读 毛诗正义 附校勘记：上海古籍出版社，990年12月第1版：四二
国风·周南·汝坟鉴赏
这在诗之首章，“遵彼汝坟，伐其条枚”——在高高的汝河大堤上，有一位凄苦的妇女，正手执斧子砍伐山楸的树枝。其实已透露了消息，采樵伐薪，本该是男人担负的劳作，现在却由织作在室的妻子承担了。读者不禁要问：她的丈夫究竟到哪里去了？竟就如此忍心让妻子执斧劳瘁！“未见君子，惄如调饥”二句的跳出，即隐隐回答了此中缘由：原来，她的丈夫久已行役外出，这维持生计的重担，若非妻子没有人能来肩负。“惄”者忧也，“调饥”者朝食未进也。满腹的忧愁用朝“饥”作比，自然只有饱受饥饿折磨的人们，方有的真切感受。那么，这倚徙“汝坟”的妻子，想必又是忍着饥饿来此伐薪的了，此为文面之意。“朝饥”还有一层意思，它在先秦时代往又被用来作男欢女爱的隐语。而今丈夫常年行役，他那可怜的妻子，享受不到丝毫的眷顾和关爱。这便是首章展示的女主人公境况：她孤苦无依、忍饥挨饿，大清早便强撑衰弱之身采樵伐薪。当凄凉的秋风吹得她衣衫飘飘，大堤上传送来一声声“未见君子，惄如调饥”的怆然叹息时，令人闻之而酸鼻。
第二章诗情发生了意外的转折。“遵彼汝坟，伐其条肄”二句，不宜视为简单的重复：“肄”指树木砍伐后新长的枝条，它点示了女主人公的劳瘁和等待，秋往春来又捱过了一年。忧愁悲苦在岁月漫漫中延续，期待也许早已化作绝望，此刻却意外发现了“君子”归来的身影。于是“既见君子，不我遐弃”二句，便带着女主人公突发的欢呼涌出诗行。不过它们所包含的情感，似乎又远比“欢呼”要丰富和复杂：久役的丈夫终于归来，他毕竟思我、爱我而未将我远弃，这正是悲伤中汹涌升腾的欣慰和喜悦；但归来的丈夫还会不会外出，他是否还会将我抛在家中远去？这疑虑和猜思，难免又会在喜悦之余萌生；然而此次是再不能让丈夫外出的了，他不能将可怜的妻子再次远弃。这又是喜悦、疑虑中发出的深情叮咛了。如此种种，实难以一语写尽，却又全为“不我遐弃”四字所涵容——《国风》对复杂情感的抒写，正是如此淳朴而又婉曲。
女主人公的疑虑并非多余。第三章开首两句，即以踌躇难决的丈夫口吻，无情地宣告了他还得弃家远役：正如劳瘁的鳊鱼曳着赤尾而游，在王朝多难、事急如火之秋，他丈夫不可能耽搁、恋家。形象的比喻，将丈夫远役的事势渲染得如此窘急，可怜的妻子欣喜之余，又很快跌落到绝望之中。当然，绝望中的妻子也未放弃最后的挣扎：“虽则如毁，父母孔迩！”这便是她万般无奈中向丈夫发出的凄凄质问：家庭的夫妇之爱，纵然已被无情的徭役毁灭；但是濒临饥饿绝境的父母呢，他们的死活不能不顾。
全诗在凄凄的质问中戛然收结，征夫对此质问又能作怎样的回答。这质问其实贯串了亘古以来的整整一部历史：当惨苛的政令和繁重的徭役，危及每一个家庭的生存，将支撑“天下”的民众逼到“如毁”、“如汤”的绝境时，历史便往往充满了这样的质问。《周南·汝坟》在几经忧喜和绝望后发出的质问，虽然化作了结句中征夫的不尽沉默。但是读者却分明听到了此后不久历史所发出的巨大回音：那便是西周王朝的轰然崩塌。
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佚名《
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竹竿》
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佚名《
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雄雉》
佚名简介
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