鲁共公择言
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两汉]：佚名
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梁王魏婴觞诸侯于范台。酒酣，请鲁君举觞。鲁君兴，避席择言曰：“昔者，帝女令仪狄作酒而美，进之禹，禹饮而甘之，遂疏仪狄，绝旨酒，曰：‘后世必有以酒亡其国者。’齐桓公夜半不嗛，易牙乃煎熬燔灸，和调五味而进之，桓公食之而饱，至旦不觉，曰：‘后世必有以味亡其国者。’晋文公得南之威，三日不听朝，遂推南之威而远之，曰：‘后世必有以色亡其国者。’楚王登强台而望崩山，左江而右湖，以临彷徨，其乐忘死，遂盟强台而弗登，曰：‘后世必有以高台陂池亡其国者。’今主君之尊，仪狄之酒以；主君之味，易牙之调也；左白台而右闾须，南威之美也；前夹林而后兰台，强台之乐也。有一于此，足以亡其国。今主君兼此四者，可无戒与！”梁王称善相属。
鲁共公择言译文及注释
译文
魏惠王魏婴在范台宴请各国诸侯。酒兴正浓的时候，魏惠王向鲁共公敬酒。鲁共公站起身，离开自己的坐席，正色道：“从前，舜的女儿仪狄擅长酿酒，酒味醇美。仪狄把酒献给了禹，禹喝了之后也觉得味道醇美。但因此就疏远了仪狄，戒绝了美酒，并且说道：‘后代一定有因为美酒而使国家灭亡的。’齐桓公有一天夜里觉得肚子饿，想吃东西。易牙就煎熬烧烤，做出美味可口的菜肴给他送上，齐桓公吃得很饱，一觉睡到天亮还不醒，醒了以后说：‘后代一定有因贪美味而使国家灭亡的。’晋文公得到了美女南之威，三天没有上朝理政，于是就把南之威打发走了，说道：‘后代一定有因为贪恋美色而使国家灭亡的。’楚灵王登上强台远望崩山，左边是长江，右边是大湖，登临徘徊，惟觉山水之乐而忘记人之将死，于是发誓不再游山玩水。后来他说：‘后代一定有因为修高台、山坡、美池，而致使国家灭亡的。’现在您酒杯里盛的好似仪狄酿的美酒；桌上放的是易牙烹调出来的美味佳肴；您左边的白台，右边的闾须，都是南之威一样的美女；您前边有夹林，后边有兰台，都是强台一样的处所。这四者中占有一种，就足以使国家灭亡，可是现在您兼而有之，能不警戒吗?”魏惠王听后连连称赞谏言非常之好。
注释
梁王：梁惠王。觞：酒樽，这里指饮宴。范台：又称“繁台”，遗迹在今开封市。当时魏王强盛，魏惠王十四年，鲁、宋、卫、韩来朝。
鲁君：鲁共公，即鲁恭侯。
避席：古人席地而坐，为表示敬意，离座起立，叫避席。择言：择善而言，即选择有意义的话。
帝女：可能指尧、舜的女儿。仪狄：人名。晋张华《博物志》称系禹时人，善造酒。
嗛(qiè)：同“慊”，满足，舒服。
易牙：即雍巫，字易牙，长于调味，甚得桓公亲幸，桓公死后，曾作乱。煎、熬、燔(fàn)、炙：几种烹饪方法。燔：烤肉。炙：熏烤。
五味：甜、酸、苦、辣、咸五味。
南之威：美女名，亦称“南威”。
楚王：楚昭王。强台：亦作“荆台”，又叫“章华台”，楚灵王所造，在今湖北监利县西北。崩山：一作“崇山”、“猎山”。在今湖北省京山县东。
陂(bēi)池：池塘。高台陂池：泛指园林建筑，游乐场所。
主君：尊称国君。尊：同“樽”，酒器。
白台、闾须：都是美女名。
夹林、兰台：魏国园林建筑。
相属(zhǔ)：相连，指接连不断。
鲁共公择言创作背景
战国时期，某些强大的诸侯国国君经常将朝见他的附庸国国君召集在一起，饮宴娱乐，既显示其强大。此次鲁、卫、宋、郑等诸侯小国的国君朝见梁王，梁惠王让鲁共公祝酒，鲁共公在祝酒辞中，以巧妙的引证，委婉而中肯地劝导梁惠王，告诫他消除侈靡淫乐，不然有亡国之虞。
参考资料：
1、关永礼 ．《古文观止·续古文观止鉴赏辞典》 ：上海同济大学出版社 ，1990 ．
鲁共公择言鉴赏
本文记录的是鲁共公在梁王魏婴宴席上的一段祝酒辞，是诫言各诸侯王要警惕酒、味、色、乐的诱惑，否则将有亡国的危险。言直意重，表现了鲁共公卓越的政治见解。
文章的表达，主要运用了譬喻说理、排比言事的手法。全文以大禹疏仪狄而戒酒，齐桓公食美味而不醒，晋文公远南威而拒色，楚庄王不登强台而排乐为例，说明历代明主贤君都是拒酒、味、色、乐的引诱，而梁王兼有四者，足当警惕。理寓于故事中，以譬作喻，便于接受。排比句的运用，增强了气势和说服力。就内容而言，文章张扬的力戒酒、味、色、乐以强国兴邦的思想，不仅在两千多年前有益，即使在今天仍有其勿庸置疑的现实意义。
文章开始先概括叙述梁惠王与诸侯宴饮的情况。“梁王魏婴觞诸侯于范台”一句，言虽简而作用大，既交代了当时情况，又总领全篇，文章皆由此而生，这一句表明了梁王的主人地位，而与会诸侯都是弱小之邦。一“觞”字点出宴饮，而“范台”又是魏国之名台，聚美女歌吹娱乐之所在。在此梁惠王自满自得，恣意作乐的情形自然表露出来了，为下文作了铺垫交代。接着写“酒酣”梁王“请鲁君举觞”，即请鲁共公为与宴的诸侯们祝酒，更突出了梁惠王在这些诸侯中的身份和地位，并引出鲁君的祝酒之辞。
文章的主要部分是写鲁共公非同凡响的祝酒辞。鲁共公起身，离开座席祝酒，“避席”这一举动不同寻常，认真严肃可想而知。“择言”一词更显示出鲁共公不是一般地祝酒助兴，而是大有用意。鲁共公的祝酒辞分两层，第一层先以“昔者”领起对古代一些贤明君主对酒色淫逸要提高警惕看法的陈述。文章分别以大禹饮仪狄所造之酒，觉得异常醇美，而引起警觉，疏远了仪狄，再也不喝美酒，并告诫说“后世必有以酒亡其国者”；说明戒酒对一国之君的重要意义。又以春秋五霸之一齐桓公食易牙五味之调而感到舒适，引起警觉，告诫说“后世必有以味亡其国者”；又以晋文公得美女南之威，引起警觉，告诫说：“后世必有以色亡其国者”；楚庄王有章华台之乐，醒悟后“盟强台而弗登”，告诫道“后世必有以高台陂池亡其国者”；说明国君要警惕嗜欲女色等。文章在这里将禹与著名的春秋五霸中有作为的国君拈出，写他们也曾经受到过美酒、佳肴、女色、高台陂池之乐的诱惑，但他们都是有理智又贤明的君主，都能很快有所觉悟，戒掉酒色娱乐给他们带来的坏毛病，使他们能够更好地治国安邦，给后世提供了榜样。这层以古人为镜，写得文辞严整，文势贯通，方面俱全，又有层次感，同时又具有信手拈来，出口成章的味道。
在第二层中，鲁共公极自然地将梁惠王与古代贤明君王对比，从以上四个相应的方面指出梁惠王奢侈淫靡俱全，已显露出亡国之兆，却还自恃强大，不知醒悟，点明其“择言”祝酒的深刻含义所在，突出文章的主旨。这段话也是分四方面排比写来，对照鲜明，劝讽之意自然显现其中，并在最后以“有一于此，足以亡国，今主君兼此四者，可无戒与！”告诫梁惠王，语言遒劲有力度，动人心魄，同时又自然得体，使梁惠王最终也不得不服服贴贴地“称善相属”。
这篇文章短小精悍，结构严整，笔法简练，以祝酒辞的形式，却说出事关国家兴亡的大道理，劝讽有力，含义深刻。文章语言句式整齐，而富于变化，前后对应，有繁有简，如此短章笔法之妙，不可言喻。
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叶元玉
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西风吹洋河，北风吹洋河，风水相激如鸣珂。少年巳有四方志，今日果向穷边过。
我有千里骥，可以空骆驼。我有双龙剑，当为斩鼋鼍。
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醉落魄
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宋代：
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周紫芝
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柳边池阁。晚来卷地东风恶。人生不解频行乐。昨日花开，今日风吹落。
杨花却似人飘泊。春云更似人情薄。如今始信从前错。
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寄吴信叟
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宋代：
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郑刚中
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闻说吴郎入汉中，扫除亭榭祝东风。
三年不与故人醉，留取数枝桃杏红。
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甲子请告绝句十二首中多缀以旨意亦葵藿之思 其一
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明代：
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林熙春
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为赋初衣愧不才，宁云几动见几回。起家忠谏劳天语，一字千金换不来。