观潮
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宋代]：周密
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浙江之潮，天下之伟观也。自既望以至十八日为盛。方其远出海门，仅如银线；既而渐近，则玉城雪岭际天而来，大声如雷霆，震撼激射，吞天沃日，势极雄豪。杨诚斋诗云“海涌银为郭，江横玉系腰”者是也。
每岁京尹出浙江亭教阅水军，艨艟数百，分列两岸；既而尽奔腾分合五阵之势，并有乘骑弄旗标枪舞刀于水面者，如履平地。倏尔黄烟四起，人物略不相睹，水爆轰震，声如崩山。烟消波静，则一舸无迹，仅有“敌船”为火所焚，随波而逝。
吴儿善泅者数百，皆披发文身，手持十幅大彩旗，争先鼓勇，溯迎而上，出没于鲸波万仞中，腾身百变，而旗尾略不沾湿，以此夸能。
江干上下十余里间，珠翠罗绮溢目，车马塞途，饮食百物皆倍穹常时，而僦赁看幕，虽席地不容间也。
观潮译文及注释
译文
钱塘江的潮水，是天下雄伟的景观。从（农历）八月十六日到十八日潮水是最壮观的。当潮水远远地从钱塘江入海口涌起的时候，（远看）几乎像一条银白色的线；不久（潮水）越来越近，玉城雪岭一般的潮水连天涌来，声音大得像雷霆万钧，震撼天地，激扬喷射 ，吞没天空，冲荡太阳，气势极其雄伟豪壮。杨万里的诗中说的“海涌银为郭，江横玉系腰”就是指这样的景象。
每年（农历八月）京都临安府长官来到浙江亭教阅水军，几百艘战船分列两岸；不久水军的战船演习五阵的阵势，忽而疾驶，忽而腾起，忽而分，忽而合，极尽种种变化，同时有在水面上骑马、舞旗、举枪、挥刀的人，好像踩在平地上一样安稳。忽然黄色的烟雾从四面升起，人和物彼此一点儿也看不见，只听得水爆的轰鸣声，声音像山崩塌一样。（等到）烟雾消散，水波平静，就一条船的踪影也没有了，只剩下被火烧毁的“敌船”，随波而去。
几百个善于泅水的吴地健儿，披散着头发，身上画着文彩，手里拿着十幅大彩旗，争先恐后，鼓足勇气，逆流迎着潮水而上，在万仞高的巨浪中忽隐忽现，翻腾着身子变换各种姿态，但是旗尾却一点也不被水沾湿，凭借这种表演来显示他们高超的技能。
江岸上下游十多里的地方，满眼都是穿着华丽的服饰的观众，车马堵塞道路，吃喝等各种物品（的价钱）比平时要高出很多倍。租用看棚的人(非常多)，中间即使是一席之地也不容有。
注释
浙江：就是钱塘江。
自既望以至十八日：从农历（八月）十六日到十八日。既望，农历十六日（十五日叫望）。
方其远出海门：当潮从入海口涌起的时候。方，当……时。其，代词，指潮。出，发、起。海门，浙江入海口，那里两边的山对峙着。
仅如银线：几乎像一条（横画的）银白色的线。仅，几乎，将近。
玉城雪岭：形容泛着白沫的潮水像玉砌的城墙和白雪覆盖的山岭。际天：连接着天。
沃日（wò rì）：冲荡太阳。形容波浪大。沃，用水淋洗，冲荡。
海涌银为郭，江横玉系腰这两句诗是《浙江观潮》一诗里的句子，意思是，海水涌起来，成为银子堆砌的城郭；浙江横着，潮水给系上一条白玉的腰带。“……是也”：就是指这样的景象。
每岁京尹（yǐn）出浙江亭教阅水军：每年（农历八月）京都临安府长官来到浙江亭教阅水军。岁，年。京尹，京都临安府（今浙江杭州）的长官。浙江亭，馆驿名，在城南钱塘江岸。
艨艟（méng chōng）：战船。
既而尽奔腾分合五阵之势：演习五阵的阵势，忽而疾驶，忽而腾起，忽而分，忽而合，极尽种种变化。尽，穷尽。五阵，指两、伍、专、参、偏五种阵法。
乘骑（chéng jì）弄旗标枪舞刀：乘马、舞旗、举枪、挥刀。骑，马。弄，舞动。标，树立、举。
略不相睹：彼此一点也看不见。睹，看。
水爆：水军用的一种爆炸武器。
一舸无迹（yì gě wú jì）：一条船的踪影也没有了。舸，船。
敌船：指假设的敌方战船。
逝：去，往。
吴儿善泅（qiú）者数百：几百个擅于泅水的吴地健儿。吴地即今江苏、浙江一带。因春秋时为吴国之地，故称。善，善于。泅，游泳、浮水（可不翻译）。
披发文（wén）身：披散着头发，身上画着花纹。文，动词，画着文彩。
溯（sù）迎而上：逆流迎着潮水而上。溯，逆流而上。而，表修饰。
鲸波万仞（rèn）：万仞高的巨浪。鲸波，巨浪。鲸所到之处，波涛汹涌，所以称巨浪为鲸波。万仞，形容浪头极高，不是实指。
腾身百变：翻腾着身子变换尽各种姿态。
江干（gān）：江岸。
珠翠罗绮（qǐ）溢目：满眼都是华丽的服饰。珠翠罗绮，泛指妇女的首饰和游人的华丽衣服。溢目，满眼。
倍穹（qióng）：（价钱）加倍的高。穹，动词，高；倍，形容词，指很多倍。
而僦（jiù）赁（lìn）看幕：租用看棚的人（非常多）。而，表转折。僦、赁，都是租用的意思。看幕，为观潮而特意搭的帐棚。
虽席地不容间也：中间即使是一席之地的空地也不容有容。许，使。间（jiān）空间。虽，即使。席地，一席之地，仅容一个座位的地方。
参考资料：
1、宋光明．初中文言文详解：济南出版社，2007年版
观潮鉴赏
钱塘江资料
钱塘江（又称浙江）是浙江省最大的河流，全长四百多公里，流经杭州，在杭州湾入海，由于江口呈喇叭状，海潮倒灌，便形成了钱塘潮这一自然奇观，被前人称为“壮观天下无”。钱塘观潮也成为古今盛事，天下奇观。
主题分析
本文只有两百余字，却写出了钱塘江潮的雄伟壮观景象、水军演习的宏大场面和吴中健儿高超的弄潮技巧。即写风景，又写民俗，使读者叹为观止！
本文作者以十分精练，简洁的语言，写出了钱塘江潮的雄伟景象、水军演习的宏大场面、吴中健儿高超的游泳技术和观潮的盛况，本文作者写此文时已是南宋灭亡，表达了对故国的思念
分段赏析
第1段写海潮之雄。开篇就是一句“浙江之潮，天下之伟观也”，先声夺人。接着交代海潮最盛的时间，然后对潮水从形、色、声、势四个方面进行正面描绘，由远及近地写出了海潮的雄奇壮观。描绘又以比喻、夸张的手法出之，简短的“如银线”“玉城雪岭”“如雷霆”“吞天沃日”几句，把海潮从远方奔涌到眼前的形状、颜色、声势都生动形象地表现了出来。最后用杨万里的诗句对上文进行形象概括，呼应了首句。
第2段写演军之威。开头仍是一句总述，说明每年京尹都要在海潮最盛的时候教练水军。然后描写了水军演习的精彩场面：参加演习的船只众多，演习中阵势变化多样，水兵作战技艺娴熟，演习中战斗激烈，声势浩大，演习结束后撤退迅速。短短一段文字，却生动描绘了一场复杂的演习活动，而结在“烟消波静”的静景上，不仅是一种动静相衬的写法，也为下文别开生面的另一场水上表演作了铺垫。
第3段写弄潮之勇。这时潮水已经来到，众多的吴中健儿在惊涛骇浪中作精彩表演，同时也从侧面写出了潮的雄伟壮观。
第4段写观潮之盛。观潮人群如此密集，说明江潮和水上表演是多么具有吸引力，所以写观潮之盛，是为了从侧面衬江潮之盛和水上表演之精彩。
首先，本文结构得当，语言精练。钱塘潮雄伟壮观，水上表演头绪纷繁，场面众多，观潮者人数众多，但在这篇短文中，作者却写得井然有序，主次分明。这一方面是由于作者结构精巧，以海潮为线索，写景记事相融合，正面描写与侧面烘托相结合。另一方面也由于作者惜墨如金，用语十分精练的结果。其次，本文描写十分生动。不仅用了比喻、夸张等描写手法，而且即便是简洁的白描，也十分形象生动。
写作特点
1.结构得当，语言精练。
写景与记事相结合，正面描写与侧面烘托相结合，使本文的描写井然有序，主次分明。而且作者惜墨如金，用语十分简练。
2.描写生动。
本文运用了比喻、夸张等修辞手法来增强语言的生动性，没有运用修辞手法的白描部分，语言也十分简洁生动。
3.渲染和烘托手法的运用。
如：“大声如雷霆，震撼激射，吞天沃日，势极雄豪”是渲染钱塘江大潮的“伟观”，增强了艺术效果。烘托又称“衬托”“相衬”，江干上下“饮食百物皆倍穹常时”是烘托观潮人极多和观潮盛况。
补充注释
潘阆宋人，生年不详，卒于大中祥符二年（1009年）。字逍遥，大名（今属河北省）人。曾在洛阳卖药，北宋太宗至道元年（995年），以能诗受荐举。自制《忆余杭》多首，一时盛传，曾得苏东坡的欣赏，把它写在玉屏风上，石曼卿还使人照词意作过画。
万面鼓声中江潮来时，潮声像万面金鼓，一时齐发，声势震人。
弄潮儿指钱塘江畔观潮时踏潮献技的人，他们都年轻力壮，善于泅水或指朝夕与潮水周旋的水手或在潮中戏水的少年人。喻有勇敢进取精神的人。
问题解答
作者在《观潮》这篇散文中，绘声绘色绘形地描写了这一壮美雄奇的景象。全文的着眼点在“潮”上，立足点在“观”上。作者是从哪些方面写“观潮”的？
⑴潮来之状。作者由远到近写“潮来之状”，当它远远的从海口那儿涨起来时，仅仅像一条银白色的横线。后来，越涌越近，像玉雕的城墙，雪堆的山岭，潮头之高能吞天沃日。
⑵演兵之威。
⑶弄潮之技。
⑷观潮之盛。
中心思想
本文通过描写作者耳闻目睹钱塘江大潮潮来前、潮来时、潮头过后的景象，以及观潮的盛况，自然美、人情美交织在一起，使人受到美的陶冶赞美了大潮的奇特、雄伟、壮观，抒发了作者热爱祖国大好河山的真挚感情。
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列御寇《
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两小儿辩日》
周密简介
唐代·周密的简介
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周密 （1232-1298），字公谨，号草窗，又号四水潜夫、弁阳老人、华不注山人，南宋词人、文学家。祖籍济南，流寓吴兴（今浙江湖州）。宋德右间为义乌县（今年内属浙江）令。入元隐居不仕。自号四水潜夫。他的诗文都有成就，又能诗画音律，尤好藏弃校书，一生著述较丰。著有《齐东野语》、《武林旧事》、《癸辛杂识》、《志雅堂要杂钞》等杂著数十种。其词远祖清真，近法姜夔，风格清雅秀润，与吴文英并称“二窗”，词集名《频洲渔笛谱》、《草窗词》。
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其乐泄泄。
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